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Heavily pure brown dwarf has been discovered!
Researchers discovered a celestial body heavy brown dwarf, “SDSS J 0104 + 1535”, which is about 750 light years away from the earth.
If the brown dwarf is a celestial body larger than the planet, it could not cause nuclear fusion by light hydrogen. A new observation by the VLT at the European Southern Observatory in Chile revealed details of this object.
If SDSS J0104 + 1535 is predicted to be 10 billion years old, its mass is about 90 times that of Jupiter. However, the sun has a mass that is 1050 times that of Jupiter. SDSS J 0104 + 1535 is much lighter so it could not continue nuclear fusion.
Also, the constituent materials excluding hydrogen and helium is only 0.01%. This also makes it clear that SDSS J 0104 + 1535 is the most “pure” brown dwarf.
Zeng Hua Zhang, who is the Association of Astronomical Physics of the Canary Islands said, surprisingly commented that he discovered such pure brown dwarf. We may also find such a very heavy brown dwarf in near future.
The rule conjectured from the movie “Money Ball” and its outside
I watched a movie starring Brad Pitt, Money Ball that is based on a true story. The General Manager (GM) struggles over the victory of championship.
It is now commonplace, but at that time, it is rare to use statistics for baseball games with the method of finding new strategies from data that no one has never used.
It is so-called data mining, but some of strategies are deviating from conventional thinking such as “a player can frequently walk to the first base is good.” The statistics gives a proposal to raise the probability of winning.
In professional sports, there is a disparity among the teams. There are rich teams and poor teams. Of course, if you have money, you can take as many excellent players as you want.
However, the poor team can not afford it. If you try to get a good player, much money will be concentrated on that player. Therefore, the rest of money will not be used for other players.
So, with the data and statistical methods, even though we did not match the slugger, we came up with the idea that in the long run we can win the race. We can make a team that can win the victory without spending too much money.
Actually, this story is not limited to baseball. Many people, such as companies, organizations and schools, think of that in existing “boxes”; then, they repeat the same mistake again and again.
After all, no matter how you think, you can only come up with a similar way, and even if you do it over and over, the result will not change.
In the movie, the scouter of the old stock said to the GM, “Baseball is what human beings do, so I can not think that mathematics predicts the outcome of baseball. Sports always make things happen unexpectedly.
I certainly think so. However, he was just looking for a nearby player to compensate for the number of home runs and hitting average of the traded players. He is actually the one who gets stuck with the existing “mathematics.”
In the US, people say “Think outside the box.” However, it is easy to say, but it is difficult to do.
Perhaps the essence of this movie is universally teaching people who can not get out of existing ways of thinking. We can learn the importance of communication, patience, and calmness to manage organizations.
What is the mold for making the product?
By making a mold, we can produce the same shape exactly and in large quantities.
Actually, it is expensive to make the mold, but if you have a prospect of selling the product, you can lower the unit price of it. You may consider making it depending on what to sell.
How accurately can a mold be created? For a high precision mold, it can be as precise as the one with an error of about 10 micrometers.
Speaking of 10 microns, how do we compare it with our daily life objects? The thickness of the hair is about 100 micrometers and the diameter of the particles such as flour and starch is about 50 micrometers. You can see how a mold can be really precise.
On the other hand, in order to accomplish such degree of accuracy, the material of the product must be carefully chosen.
For example, metals tend to be slightly expanded when removed from a mold, but plastics tend to be shrunk when cooled down.
Also, when fabricating it in large quantities, you have to take the wear of the mold into account. You may have to use a hard material to make the mold, or you would polish the mold to maintain shape.
Unusual 3D printers: The human body organs, clothes, and even cookies are made!
The 3D printer is a device that makes things easy to fabricate three-dimensional objects. The typical materials to be used with the printer are synthetic resin (plastic) or metal powders. However, there are also biological cells, textile fibers, and wheat flour as the materials for 3D printers.
A printer using biological cells can make a part of the organs of a human body. The specific cells are cultured in laboratory up to about a diameter of 0.5 millimeters (0.02 inches). There is a trick to insert the wire, which assists forming the organ in accordance with the three-dimensional data. Then, it is soaked in a special liquid so it can be solidified as the part of the human body.
There is also a 3D printer to manufacture clothes. This printer uses the liquid textile as a material which is sprayed to the shape of the designed clothes. You can fully customize your own clothes and shoes by using it.
Wheat flour is the material of cookies and pizza dough. You can also create a variety of shapes of sweets and dishes by putting flour and the related ingredients into the particular 3D printer.
In the future, we may have the other materials to fabricate many of different shapes with many types of 3D printers.
An excellent female physicist who missed the Nobel Prize
Lise Meitner (1878 – 1968)
She was born in Vienna, Austria, as the third of eight children of a Jewish family.
It was hard for female to go and study in higher education at that time, so she decided to be a French teacher after high school. However, she could not give up studying at a university.
Fortunately, the social environment encouraged women to go to Universities then. Lise took the exam and entered the University of Vienna in 1901. She was major in physics and studied under Ludwig Boltzmann.
She went to The University of Berlin in 1907 to study under Max Planck. Then, she found a research job with the chemist Otto Hahn. Lise and he started studying radioactivity, with her insight of physics and his ability of chemistry. In 1918, they discovered the element protactinium.
In 1934, Lise was fascinated with the paper proposing nuclear fusion by Enrico Fermi, and she wanted Hahn to work on this experiment together. The project started, but Hahn had to dismiss Lise later due to political pressure from Nazi Party.
After that, Hahn observed an unexpected result from an experiment, but he was not sure to explain this. Then, he consulted Lise about the result. Lise and her nephew (physicist) proved that it was the nuclear fission.
Unfortunately, Lise Meitner did not get awarded Nobel Prize for the series of experiments, but she surely played an important role in finding nuclear fission.
Discrete dynamics and its applications to our daily lives
Math, physics, engineering, and our lives are closely related. Physics formulates the nature’s motion with mathematics. This provides applications to creating a convenient system for our living.
Let us introduce a two dimensional discrete mapping:
x_(n+1) = 0.6x + y + 5.2/(1.0 + x^2)
y_(n+1) = -0.9999x
The plot is shown as a picture above.
The above equation is a mathematical example, but such model can be used to analyze population growth, radioactive decay, pollution control, medication dosages, robotics, etc.
Complicated waves made from a simple equation
Speaking of waves, we come up with ocean. Wind creates complicated shapes of waves as you know.
Waves have an interesting property that is called principle of superposition. Each wave oscillates up and down. When an up-wave and a down-wave collide at a point, the both waves appear to be vanished if both waves have an equal amplitude.
Sounds and electromagnetic waves also have the same property.
The picture is expressed by the equation, sin(x^2)-cos(y^2)-sin(x*y).